{"id":4661,"date":"2020-07-27T09:18:48","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T16:18:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.infoblox.com\/?p=4661"},"modified":"2020-12-16T17:20:14","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T01:20:14","slug":"the-importance-of-diversity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/security\/the-importance-of-diversity\/","title":{"rendered":"The Importance of Diversity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Infoblox used to commission an <a href=\"http:\/\/dns.measurement-factory.com\/surveys\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">annual survey of the Internet\u2019s DNS namespace<\/a> by a great little company called <a href=\"http:\/\/www.measurement-factory.com\/\">The Measurement Factory<\/a>.\u00a0 In the <a href=\"http:\/\/dns.measurement-factory.com\/surveys\/201010\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2010 DNS Survey<\/a>, we found that, in a random sampling of millions of subzones of .COM, .NET and .ORG, nearly 20% of zones seemed to have all of their authoritative DNS servers on the same network\u2014in fact, probably on the same subnet (a single IPv4 \/24).\u00a0 And, nearly three-quarters of zones had all DNS servers advertised in the same Autonomous System, or AS.\u00a0 One mishap and a single network or AS could disappear temporarily and with it, an organization\u2019s DNS service.<\/p>\n<p>Ten years ago, I said this was an accident waiting to happen.\u00a0 I reminded readers of the embarrassing DNS outage Microsoft suffered years ago when a technician misconfigured a border router in Redmond. \u00a0Because all of their authoritative name servers were on a single network behind that router, users couldn\u2019t resolve most Microsoft domain names for an extended period.<\/p>\n<p>The solution to this problem is straightforward:\u00a0 Use a diverse set of authoritative DNS servers for your zones.\u00a0 Make sure they\u2019re on different networks and advertised in different Autonomous Systems.\u00a0 If you\u2019re thinking, \u201cWait, my company only has a single AS, and a single netblock,\u201d don\u2019t worry-they don\u2019t all have to be <em>your<\/em> DNS servers, running on <em>your<\/em> networks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are lots of companies now in the business of providing cloud-based DNS services. You could pay one of them to run secondary DNS servers for your zones. These service providers generally run DNS servers in points of presence around the Internet and use anycast to help resist distributed denial of service attacks.<\/li>\n<li>You could run your own secondary DNS servers, but outside your own network, in a public cloud such as AWS or Azure. With Infoblox\u2019s NIOS product, those cloud-based secondary DNS servers could still be part of your Grid.<\/li>\n<li>If you need diversity cheaply, you could arrange to \u201ctrade\u201d secondary DNS service with another organization. Back when I was at Berkeley, we \u201cswapped\u201d secondary service with Columbia University. They configured one of their DNS servers as secondary for some of our zones and we returned the favor. As far as I know, no money changed hands. If your organization has a peer\/sister\/subsidiary with their own network, that might be a good choice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I stopped talking and writing as much about \u201cauthoritative diversity\u201d years ago because I thought it wasn\u2019t necessary. I figured I\u2019d just be boring readers who lumped \u201cauthoritative diversity\u201d into \u201cwidely accepted good ideas\u201d along with \u201cdrinking lots of water\u201d and \u201cmaxing out your pre-tax retirement contributions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And along came the attack on Dyn.<\/p>\n<p>This was October 2016. Some Bad Guys used the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Dyn_cyberattack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mirai botnet to attack Dyn<\/a>, a provider of authoritative DNS services. Mirai pumped a massive volume of traffic at Dyn\u2019s DNS servers, resulting in three successive outages, each lasting hours. To users, it looked like much of the Internet was simply down: Dyn hosted the zones of many, many popular web sites and other Internet destinations.<\/p>\n<p>Yet no particular DNS magic was needed to withstand the attack on Dyn, just authoritative diversity. I dutifully put all those slides back into my standard presentation, dusted off my DNS clerical collar and started preaching about the wisdom of \u201cnot putting all your [DNS] eggs in one basket.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>At one Infoblox users group meeting in London, the month after the attack, a young man caught me during the break that followed my presentation. The company he worked for, he said, had exactly the setup I recommended: They were a Dyn customer but they also ran a few of their own DNS servers on Infoblox appliances in their DMZs. (If I recall correctly, he also admitted, modestly and somewhat sheepishly, that they had this configuration only because they\u2019d been migrating from running their own DNS servers to Dyn and hadn\u2019t completed the migration.) His employer was a financial services firm, and they took the availability of their Internet services extremely seriously, so much so that they paid a third party to monitor the availability of those services around the clock. And through the whole attack on Dyn, they\u2019d been unreachable to the monitoring service for only a handful of minutes.<\/p>\n<p>Fast forward to 2020\u2014a year rife with challenges\u2014and Cloudflare has an hours-long outage. Their services, including DNS, aren\u2019t available. Lots of organizations disappear from the Internet.<\/p>\n<p>[Taps mic.] Is this thing on?<\/p>\n<p>Don&#8217;t make me bust out those slides again. They\u2019ll bore you to tears, I swear.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/resources\/whitepaper\/accelerate-threat-resolution-with-dns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5443 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.infoblox.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/promo-dns-forrester-report-1024x536.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/promo-dns-forrester-report-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/promo-dns-forrester-report-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/promo-dns-forrester-report-768x402.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/promo-dns-forrester-report.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Infoblox used to commission an annual survey of the Internet\u2019s DNS namespace by a great little company called The Measurement Factory.\u00a0 In the 2010 DNS Survey, we found that, in a random sampling of millions of subzones of .COM, .NET and .ORG, nearly 20% of zones seemed to have all of their authoritative DNS servers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":178,"featured_media":5440,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[30,229,16,15,237,389],"class_list":{"0":"post-4661","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-security","8":"tag-dns","9":"tag-dnssec","10":"tag-infoblox","11":"tag-security","12":"tag-survey","13":"tag-financial-services","14":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Increasing Network 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