{"id":2832,"date":"2016-04-12T14:29:03","date_gmt":"2016-04-12T14:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-infoblox-blog.pantheonsite.io\/?p=2832"},"modified":"2022-10-19T16:25:51","modified_gmt":"2022-10-19T23:25:51","slug":"how-many-ipv6-nodes-can-you-have-on-a-lan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/ipv6-coe\/how-many-ipv6-nodes-can-you-have-on-a-lan\/","title":{"rendered":"How Many IPv6 Nodes Can You Have on a LAN?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Does IPv6 change the number of possible nodes on a single LAN<\/a> segment?<\/p>\n

As people start learning about and deploying IPv6 they start considering how IPv6 changes the way they design and deploy networks and systems.\u00a0 Based on the\u00a0IPv6 Addressing Architecture<\/a>\u00a0(RFC 4291), the standard IPv6 prefix length for LANs is a \/64 which provides an astronomically large number of possible host Interface Identifiers (IIDs).\u00a0 In IPv6, it is common to have the first \u201chigh-order\u201d 64-bits represent the network number and the last \u201cleast-significant\u201d 64-bits represent the individual node number.\u00a0 If we calculate that out; 2^64 equals 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique IIDs, but \u201c18 quintillion\u201d is much easier to say.\u00a0 That is an extremely large number of possible nodes on a single network, but a network surely would not have nearly this many nodes (much less IPv6-capable ones).<\/p>\n

Wasteful IPv6 Addressing?<\/h2>\n

To many, it may seem wasteful to use a \/64 if you only have a few nodes on that network.\u00a0 If a single \/64 can have 18 quintillion nodes, but the network only had a hundred computers connected, that may seem wasteful.\u00a0 Furthermore, if you have a back-to-back direct connection (i.e., a point-to-point link) between two network devices and you allocate a \/64 prefix, then you only have two active nodes in all that address space.\u00a0 You could use a \/127 prefix (RFC 6164<\/a>) for an IPv6 network with two devices, but for\u00a0IPAM<\/a>\u00a0simplicity, you might still reserve a \/64 for that network.<\/p>\n

The reality, is that it is\u00a0not wasteful to use a \/64<\/a>\u00a0for any-sized IPv6 network.\u00a0 Consider this, if you had a network with 1,000,000 nodes connected, your address efficiency is still infinitesimally small.\u00a0 One million divided by 18 quintillion is an extremely small number.\u00a0 If you have a network with only two nodes, two divided by 18 quintillion is just about as infinitesimally small as the efficiency for the million-node network.\u00a0 Therefore, whether you have two nodes or two million nodes, you are using only an extremely small fraction of the \/64.\u00a0 If you want to see the math to calculate the efficiency of address allocation, consult Tom Coffeen\u2019s\u00a0IPv6 Address Planning<\/a>\u00a0book and look on page 3.<\/p>\n

Even though an IPv6 prefix allows for 18 quintillion possible interface identifiers, you certainly wouldn\u2019t have that many nodes on a LAN.\u00a0 Though IPv6 allows for this theoretical number, we might wonder how does IPv6 practically change the number of nodes on a LAN?\u00a0 In other words, how many IPv6 nodes could you possibly have on a single LAN segment and what is typical or practical?\u00a0 To answer this question, we will consider how many nodes are possible\/typical on an IPv4-only network, a dual-protocol network, and an IPv6-only network.<\/p>\n

IPv4-Only Network<\/h2>\n

In the first place, creating a truly IPv4-only network may be difficult because\u00a0most nodes now support IPv6<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0IPv6 is enabled by default is most operating systems.\u00a0 IPv6 packets are traversing the LAN network even if there isn\u2019t a first-hop router that is acting as an IPv6 default gateway.\u00a0 To create an IPv4-only network, you would need to disable the IPv6 protocol stack in all the nodes on the LAN.\u00a0 Not only is this difficult to achieve, but it is\u00a0not recommended<\/a>\u00a0by OS manufacturers.<\/p>\n

If, in fact, a network only has IPv4 nodes on it then the network may have up to a couple hundred nodes.\u00a0 This isn\u2019t necessarily related to the fact that IPv4 addresses are becoming increasingly scarce.\u00a0 Although, this continues to be true even now that public\u00a0IPv4 address exhaustion<\/a>\u00a0has occurred.\u00a0 The limit of the number of IPv4 nodes on a LAN is more closely tied to the amount of broadcast traffic.<\/p>\n

The problem with LAN broadcasts is that every host interface on the LAN gets interrupted and must process the broadcast packet.\u00a0 Every node on the LAN, whether a packet is intended for it or not, must analyze the broadcast and determine if the packet requires processing.\u00a0 IPv4\u00a0Address Resolution Protocol<\/a>\u00a0(ARP) uses broadcasts, all nodes receive, and check ARP requests, regardless if they are the queried node or not.\u00a0 If the ARP request is for the receiving node, then ARP responses are unicast back to the node that sent the ARP request.<\/p>\n

It is typical for IPv4 networks to use a \/24 prefix length for LANs.\u00a0 IPv4 can be \u201cchatty\u201d and send many messages out on the LAN as broadcasts.\u00a0 If the IPv4 subnet for the LAN is 192.168.1.0\/24, then the subnet broadcast address would be 192.168.1.255 and the destination MAC address of this Ethernet II frame would be ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff).\u00a0 Other systems on a LAN may send out packets destined to the IPv4 address 255.255.255.255 (RFC 919<\/a>) which is a full broadcast, which also has a destination MAC address of ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.\u00a0 Printers send many of these types of packets.\u00a0 It is possible for broadcasts to get compounded and lead to a broadcast storm, which are debilitating for all nodes on the LAN.\u00a0 Other desktop user applications feel the need to send subnet broadcasts as part of their plug-and-play, peer-to-peer, or LAN-based discovery features (e.g. Dropbox LAN sync Discovery Protocol).\u00a0 If you are curious, open up your\u00a0Wireshark<\/a>\u00a0protocol analyzer and set your capture filter to \u201ceth.addr == ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff\u201d.<\/p>\n

Even if a network has a \/22 subnet length assigned to the LAN, due to broadcasts, it might be possible to only have 300 nodes in that LAN.\u00a0 It might not be possible to have an IPv4-only network with 400 to 500 nodes on it before the broadcast traffic becomes overwhelming for all nodes.\u00a0 This becomes a problem for large-scale data center networks and\u00a0software container<\/a>\u00a0environments with a large number of nodes on a single flat network.<\/p>\n

Dual-Protocol Network<\/h2>\n

On most modern networks, there are nodes that are capable of both IPv4 and IPv6 communications.\u00a0 In many cases, the nodes have IPv4 addresses either statically assigned or leased with DHCP, while the IPv6 nodes have only a link-local address.\u00a0 If there isn\u2019t an IPv6-enabled router active on the LAN, then the IPv6 nodes do not receive a global unicast address.\u00a0 However, increasingly, LANs are actively using IPv6 and the end nodes have both an IPv4 and an IPv6 address and operate in dual-protocol mode.<\/p>\n

Because IPv4 is still required for reachability to much of the Internet, it is unlikely that you will have an IPv6-only network today.\u00a0 You can add IPv6 to a LAN, but you must keep IPv4 active because most services still use only IPv4.\u00a0 Therefore, dual-protocol operations are preferred, but the network would have all the IPv4 ARP traffic on the LAN, in addition to the IPv6 traffic.<\/p>\n

Keep in mind though that IPv6 operates differently than IPv4 on a LAN.\u00a0 As we know, IPv6 does not use broadcast message delivery.\u00a0 IPv6 strives for increased efficiency using only unicast, multicast, or anycast.\u00a0 IPv6 makes extensive use of multicast and there are many\u00a0well-known IPv6 multicast addresses<\/a>\u00a0that are used on LANs.\u00a0 IPv6 also uses ICMPv6 (RFC 4443<\/a>) to perform the function of Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) (RFC 4861<\/a>).\u00a0 ICMPv6 has a variety of\u00a0message types<\/a>\u00a0that are used for LAN administration and NDP and we will review several of the popular ones now.<\/p>\n

Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA)<\/strong><\/p>\n

When an IPv6-capable node boots up, it wants to discover the network it has connected to and learn from the local first-hop gateway about the IPv6 address it should use.\u00a0 The IPv6 node sends an ICMPv6 (Type 133) Router Solicitation (RS) message to the all-routers multicast group address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 (FF02::2).\u00a0 The RS packet only goes to the router(s) listening on the all-routers (FF02::2) multicast address.\u00a0 When the IPv6 node sends these multicast messages out, they are sent as Ethernet II frames destined to the multicast MAC address (33:33:00:00:00:02) (RFC 7042<\/a>), whereby the last 32-bits of the IPv6 multicast group address are placed into the last 32-bits of the MAC address.\u00a0 Therefore, you are likely to see a lot of \u201c3s\u201d when you perform an IPv6 packet capture (\u201cUnderstanding IPv6: A Sniffer Full Of 3s<\/a>\u201d).<\/p>\n

\"RA-RS.jpg\"<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

When the local first-hop router receives the RS message, it immediately sends a Router Advertisement (RA) ICMPv6 (type 134) message to the all-nodes multicast group address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (FF02::1).\u00a0 This will tell the nodes on the LAN about the parameters of the LAN, the local IPv6 prefix, and the method they should use to obtain their IID to form their IPv6 address and complete their connectivity to the LAN.\u00a0 Periodically, the first-hop router also sends the RA messages to the all-nodes (FF02::1) multicast group once every 200 seconds (though this, along with other ND values, is configurable) to keep the nodes updated on any changes that might have occurred or in case an RS was missed.\u00a0 Sending\u00a0RAs is an essential step<\/a>\u00a0in making an IPv6 network operational.<\/p>\n

It has already been mentioned that IPv6 does not use broadcast message forwarding model, but the all-nodes multicast group (FF02::1) is the closest thing that IPv6 has to an IPv4 broadcast.\u00a0 RSs are only sent on boot up of the node or on network reconnect, which occur seldom.\u00a0 RAs are typically only send once every 200 seconds or when a RS is received.\u00a0 Therefore, these messages are not an impact on the number of IPv6 nodes on a LAN.<\/p>\n

Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA)<\/strong><\/p>\n

IPv6 networks use the\u00a0NDP<\/a>\u00a0multicast messages to create a neighbor cache binding table between IPv6 addresses and Ethernet MAC addresses.\u00a0 This is the same function as IPv4 ARP performs using broadcasts.\u00a0 When an IPv6 node needs to learn the MAC address for a given IPv6 address, it sends a Neighbor Solicitation (NS) ICMPv6 (type 135) multicast message to the\u00a0solicited-node multicast address<\/a>\u00a0(RFC 2373<\/a>) for that node.\u00a0 These solicited-node multicast addresses follow the format FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX whereby the last 24 bits are carried over from the IPv6 address to be queried.\u00a0 These NS messages are very efficient because they are sent to a very narrow group of nodes, as opposed to IPv4\u2019s broadcast of ARP requests.<\/p>\n

\"NA-NS.jpg\"<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Denise Fishburne<\/a>, Proof of Concept Engineer at Cisco, wrote some great articles titled \u201cUnderstanding IPv6: What Is Solicited-Node Multicast?<\/a>\u201d, \u201cUnderstanding IPv6: Prepping For Solicited-Node Multicast<\/a>\u201d, \u201cUnderstanding IPv6: The Ping Before Solicited-Node Multicast<\/a>\u201d and \u201cUnderstanding IPv6: Solicited-Node Multicast In Action<\/a>\u201d which covers this topic completely.<\/p>\n

When an IPv6 node on the LAN possesses the IPv6 address being queried, it is listening for IPv6 multicasts sent to its solicited-node multicast address and receives the query.\u00a0 In response to the NS it receives, the node sends back a Neighbor Advertisement (NA) ICMPv6 (type 136) unicast message directly back to the IPv6 node that sent the query.\u00a0 That node can then cache this response in its neighbor cache and use this MAC address for future communications.<\/p>\n

These NS messages are typically sent when the neighbor cache times out (approximately every 5 minutes).\u00a0 The NA are typically sent only when a NS query is sent and received.\u00a0 Therefore, NS and NA messages are far more efficient than IPv4 ARP broadcast requests and replies and are orders of magnitude less a limiting factor to the number of nodes possible on a LAN.<\/p>\n

Other IPv6 LAN Multicasts<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are a few other IPv6 multicast messages that are present on a LAN but they don\u2019t occur frequently enough to impact the scalability of the LAN.\u00a0 DHCPv6 (RFC 3315<\/a>) messages are sent out as multicast packets (FF02::1:2, FF05::1:3).\u00a0 It is also possible on an IPv6 network to have a few (though seldom-sent) Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement which are sent to the all-nodes multicast group address (FF02::1).\u00a0 ICMPv6 Redirects (type 137) can also be sent out when a host sends a packet to a non-optimal gateway, but these are actually unicast.\u00a0 There may also be multicast streaming traffic on a LAN, but the multicast destination address will not be local in scope for such traffic. Rather it will realm-local, admin-local, site-local, organization-local, or global in scope (RFC 7346<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Summary of Dual-Protocol Node Scalability<\/strong><\/p>\n

IPv6 is far more efficient with its use of multicast. None of the above-mentioned IPv6 NDP messages are nearly as \u201cchatty\u201d as IPv4 broadcasts.\u00a0 It comes down to the fact that in a dual-protocol LAN situation, you have both the IPv4 broadcasts and the IPv6 NDP multicasts occurring on the LAN at the same time resulting in the total amount of broadcast\/multicast LAN administrative overhead traffic on a LAN.\u00a0 Dual-protocol networks have the sum of the IPv4 broadcasts and the IPv6 multicasts.\u00a0 IPv4 broadcasts are substantial, but IPv6 multicasts are negligible.\u00a0 Therefore, the additive result of the multicast and broadcast messages, mean that the real limiting factor is the number of IPv4 nodes possible on a single LAN segment.<\/p>\n

IPv6-Only Network<\/h2>\n

Today, it is rare to have an IPv6-only network.\u00a0 You could disable IPv4, but it is likely not recommended and difficult to completely deactivate IPv4.\u00a0 Most modern computer operating systems use both IPv4 and IPv6 and both protocols are active on the network interfaces by default.\u00a0 If there is a network that has a first-hop gateway that only has IPv6 configured on it, it would send out IPv6 RA messages, but it wouldn\u2019t have an IPv4 address configured on its interface.\u00a0 If nodes on the LAN still attempted to use IPv4, they would try to send an IPv4 DHCP Discover broadcast message, but they would not get a response.\u00a0 Therefore, the IPv4 enabled nodes would end up with an Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) 169.254.X.X network address.\u00a0 Even with an APIPA address, and IPv4-capable node might still generate a small amount of IPv4 traffic on the LAN.<\/p>\n

If the network truly is an IPv6-only network, then it might be possible to have a few thousand nodes on a LAN segment at the same time.\u00a0 This number may also vary based on the frequency of NS-NA messages and that can be controlled by the RA with the NS frequency\/duration settings (Router Lifetime, Reachable Time, and Retransmission Timer).\u00a0 An IPv6-only network may be able to have up to ~5000 nodes on it due to the efficiencies of multicast.<\/p>\n

As they say, \u201cyour mileage may vary\u201d depending on the amount of east-west node-to-node traffic or the amount of north-south node-to-router traffic.\u00a0 If there is more east-west traffic then ~3000 nodes might be possible on an IPv6-only LAN.\u00a0 If there is more north-south traffic then ~6000 nodes might be possible on an IPv6-only LAN.\u00a0\u00a0Hyper-scale data centers<\/a>\u00a0and cloud environments are using high-density of nodes on a LAN and the use of\u00a0software containers<\/a>\u00a0can definitely benefit from IPv6\u2019s scalability.\u00a0 You might not want to design a network with this many nodes on it, but it is comforting to know that IPv6 is efficient and imposes far fewer limitations on LAN size than IPv4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Does IPv6 change the number of possible nodes on a single LAN segment? As people start learning about and deploying IPv6 they start considering how IPv6 changes the way they design and deploy networks and systems.\u00a0 Based on the\u00a0IPv6 Addressing Architecture\u00a0(RFC 4291), the standard IPv6 prefix length for LANs is a \/64 which provides an […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":321,"featured_media":2833,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[51,38,31],"class_list":{"0":"post-2832","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-ipv6-coe","8":"tag-ipam","9":"tag-ipv6","10":"tag-networking","11":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Many IPv6 Nodes Can You Have on a LAN?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The number of nodes that are able to be used is dependent on the address format. You can find out what the node capacities for your network are in the article.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/ipv6-coe\/how-many-ipv6-nodes-can-you-have-on-a-lan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Many IPv6 Nodes Can You Have on a LAN?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The number of nodes that are able to be used is dependent on the address format. 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