{"id":2280,"date":"2017-11-07T20:11:58","date_gmt":"2017-11-07T20:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-infoblox-blog.pantheonsite.io\/?p=2280"},"modified":"2025-04-02T11:36:01","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T18:36:01","slug":"geolocation-with-ipv6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infoblox.com\/blog\/ipv6-coe\/geolocation-with-ipv6\/","title":{"rendered":"Geolocation with IPv6"},"content":{"rendered":"

Determining where you are using IPv6<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Human nature makes us curious to know where we are located within the World Wide Web.\u00a0 We are also curious about where within the global Internet the person we are communicating is connected.\u00a0 We could use this information to make security decisions to allow or block connections.\u00a0 When it comes to geolocation, accuracy is paramount, and Internet-connected device location can vary between IPv4 and IPv6.\u00a0 In this article, we explore Internet geolocation using IPv6, available tools, and discuss the technical challenges.<\/p>\n

\"Geolocation<\/h2>\n

How Geolocation Works<\/h2>\n

Geolocation is the process of accurately determining the physical location of an object on the surface of our planet, a capability increasingly emphasized by organizations like the IPv6 Center of Excellence<\/strong><\/a>. This can be accomplished by using radio frequency (RF) signals from a mobile operator\u2019s base stations to triangulate a subscriber\u2019s approximate physical location.\u00a0 Today, most mobile phones have built-in\u00a0GPS<\/a>\u00a0receivers but actually perform Assisted GPS (AGPS), which uses other RF information, like Wi-Fi info, to improve location determination when the GPS process alone takes too long or is not available.\u00a0 It is always fun to see your GPS latitude and longitude coordinates using a mobile phone app like\u00a0GPS Essentials<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Geolocation has its benefits: for example, knowing where you are and preventing you from getting lost as well as for navigation by plotting the fastest course to your destination.\u00a0 Geolocation also helps an application service determine the location of the client and provide customized information.\u00a0 For example, a web browser application could determine your country of origin and display a requested web page in the local language.\u00a0 However, it can be surprising to be presented a web page in an unfamiliar language.<\/p>\n

\"Geo<\/p>\n

Determining the location of a system on the Internet (without GPS or RF signals) is more complicated.\u00a0 For network-connected devices, their location in this ethereal world is based on their IP address.\u00a0 If the IP address is a private (RFC 1918) address, then there is no way of determining the true physical location of the associated device based on the address alone.\u00a0 If the IP address is a public address, then it might be possible to determine the Regional Internet Registry (RIR), continent, and maybe country if you had additional information from the Internet provider.<\/p>\n

Geoblocking and Geofencing<\/h2>\n

If the physical location of a device and its user can be accurately determined, then based on this information, connections can be permitted or restricted.\u00a0\u00a0Geoblocking is the practice of preventing connections from public IP addresses located in specific geographies, leveraging Network Insight<\/strong><\/a> to enhance security and compliance. This is becoming a more common practice given the nation-state attacks and geopolitical influences on the Internet in recent years.\u00a0 This is also a technique used to restrict gambling to only those countries\/states that permit it within their borders.\u00a0 Geoblocking can also be augmented by using the origin device\u2019s time zone to restrict connections.\u00a0 If the location of the device could be accurately ascertained, then\u00a0geofencing<\/a>\u00a0(i.e., establishing a virtual perimeter for a physical geography) could be performed to further permit or restrict connections.\u00a0 An example of this is evident in how\u00a0Netflix permits or blocks connections<\/a>\u00a0based on the subscriber\u2019s country-of-origin based on their source IP address.\u00a0 Netflix also limits\u00a0subscribers using VPNs<\/a>\u00a0to get around their geofencing policies.<\/p>\n

Governments, utilities or enterprise organizations may want to block attacks from geographies that aim to do them harm.\u00a0 In recent years, there has been significant geopolitical emphasis on geoblocking practices, especially in the\u00a0European Union<\/a>\u00a0(EU).\u00a0 There are\u00a0groups<\/a>\u00a0who feel that geoblocking opposes the free and open ideals of the Internet and favor bans on the practices of geoblocking.\u00a0 The\u00a0Internet Society<\/a>\u00a0(ISOC) has also\u00a0opposed commercial and geopolicital practices of content blocking<\/a>.<\/p>\n

These geoblocking capabilities are often built into firewalls, IPSs, load balancers and other perimeter defenses.\u00a0 Global Server Load-Balancing (GSLB) systems, like\u00a0Infoblox DNS Traffic Control<\/a>, have the ability to act on GeoIP information.\u00a0 Furthermore, Infoblox\u2019s\u00a0Secure DNS<\/a>\u00a0offering has\u00a0DNS Firewall<\/a>\u00a0capabilities that prevent end-users from communicating with fast-flux botnet command and control (C&C) or domains that have poor reputations from\u00a0Threat Intelligence Data Exchange<\/a>\u00a0(TIDE).\u00a0 DNS Firewall can block DNS queries based on domain name or the source IP address and can perform geoblocking.<\/p>\n

Geolocation Challenges<\/h2>\n

As you can imagine, there are significant problems for geolocation when solely using the source IP address to attempt to accurately determine a device or user\u2019s location.\u00a0 One key problem with determining location for IPv4 systems is caused by NATs changing the source address.\u00a0 This same problem can occur when an enterprise uses a cloud-based web content filter proxy system to help protect their geographically-dispersed workforce.\u00a0 When services providers employ Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) or Large-Scale NAT (LSN) systems, these make it appear as if the client connection is originating from the NAT pool, which may not be anywhere close to the source\/user.\u00a0 Similarly, in the case of DNS-based\u00a0GSLB<\/a>, if the location is attempted to be determined using the source IP address of the DNS resolver, the actual client may not be near that particular DNS resolver.<\/p>\n

These same problems plague organizations that are attempting to use the client\u2019s IP address as a form of authentication.\u00a0 Because of the inherent weaknesses of using usernames and passwords for authentication, some organizations are desperately seeking other methods to perform multi-factor authentication.\u00a0 But using the client\u2019s source IP address is considered a bad practice and cannot be relied upon as a valid factor of a user\u2019s identity. \u00a0You can read more about this topic in the March 2013 (Vol 16, #1) issue of\u00a0The Internet Protocol Journal<\/a>, \u201cIPv4 and IPv6 Address Authentication<\/a>\u201d on page 15.<\/p>\n

IPv6 Geolocation<\/h2>\n

The accuracy of using an IP address for geolocation is based on the accuracy of the information about the allocation of IP addresses collected and maintained by RIRs and ISPs.\u00a0 Since IPv4 has been used for so many years, IPv4 geolocation is very accurate but IPv6 geolocation is not yet as precise.\u00a0 IPv6 addresses are assigned by RIRs to ISPs or organizations directly, then ISPs allocate addresses to customers, but all this location information may not necessarily be well-documented.\u00a0 If the IPv6 address is newly allocated and not entered into the geolocation databases, then that could cause problems.<\/p>\n

When IPv6 addresses are\u00a0assigned by IANA<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0ICANN<\/a>\u00a0to one of the five RIRs, it is easy to determine the RIR\u2019s region just based on the IPv6 address prefix.\u00a0 RIRs maintain databases containing information about the organizations that have been allocated addresses and this information is publicly available through their\u00a0WHOIS<\/a>\u00a0interface.\u00a0 For example, you can go to the\u00a0American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) WHOIS interface<\/a>\u00a0to query an IP address or ASN.\u00a0 RIR databases do contain location and\u00a0address information of the registered organization<\/a>\u00a0and they do provide some utilities to access this information.\u00a0 However, RIRs, like RIPE, want to\u00a0avoid becoming geolocation providers<\/a>\u00a0themselves, even as they do provide useful tools for\u00a0documenting IP address location information<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Internet Routing Registries<\/a>\u00a0(IRRs) can also contain address information of organizations who are advertising their IP addresses with EBGP.\u00a0 There are many\u00a0different IRRs<\/a>\u00a0that can be queries with the WHOIS utility.<\/p>\n

One of the great things about using IPv6 is that there is no NAT66 function equivalent to NAT44 and the global address you are using is the source address that will be used when making connections.\u00a0 Even\u00a0though IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation<\/a>\u00a0(NPTv6) (RFC 6296) exists, it is not widely deployed by enterprises or small businesses.\u00a0 Therefore, there really isn\u2019t any reason you would need to do a \u201cWhatIsMyIP\u201d when using a global unicast IPv6 address.<\/p>\n

IPv6 Geolocation Challenges<\/h2>\n

Because IPv6 prefix allocations may be newer and the databases are not as well documented as IPv4 addresses, there are examples of how IPv4 geolocation can be more accurate than IPv6.\u00a0 We can do some simple testing to compare the accuracy of IPv4 and IPv6 geolocation.<\/p>\n

When I open my browser, and go to\u00a0whatismyip.com<\/a>, it correctly shows my global IPv6 address and detects my carrier as Comcast, but the location is listed as Mount Laurel, New Jersey instead of Denver, Colorado.\u00a0 This is a curious inaccuracy because if I copy my IPv6 address and browse to the\u00a0http:\/\/whois.arin.net<\/a>\u00a0site and paste the IPv6 address, it correctly shows that my IPv6 address 2601:280:5b7f::\/48 is allocated by Comcast to their Denver location.\u00a0 Why does it think I\u2019m located in Mount Laurel, NJ?\u00a0 This location comes from the WHOIS information for\u00a0Comcast Cable Communications<\/a>, LLC, and their\u00a02601::\/20<\/a>\u00a0IPv6 prefix organization record lists their location as 1800 Bishops Gate Blvd, Mt Laurel, NJ, USA.\u00a0 Therefore, the assumption is that my location is there instead of Denver, CO.\u00a0 This is a problem, because the WHOIS query results for my specific\u00a0DHCPv6-PD<\/a>-allocated \/64 falls within the IPv6 block (2601:280::\/26<\/a>) that Comcast assigns to their Denver networks.\u00a0 This is an example of a service provider publicly disclosing the general location of an IPv6 address, but the IPv6-capable geolocation system not using all the publicly-available information at its disposal.<\/p>\n

When I use\u00a0RIPEstat geolocation widget<\/a>\u00a0(which relies on the MaxMind GeoLite City database) with my global IPv6 address, it thinks I am in Kansas City.\u00a0 However, when I use my public IPv4 address it correctly shows my location as Denver, CO.<\/p>\n

When I browse to\u00a0https:\/\/www.iplocation.net\/<\/a>\u00a0it uses several geolocation services and when I enter my IPv4 address, it correctly shows my ISP, Country, Region, and City (and my latitude and longitude is only a few miles off!).\u00a0 However, when I enter my IPv6 address, it correctly shows my ISP and my country but IP2location shows my city\/region as Mount Laurel New Jersey, ipinfo.io says the region and city are not available, and DB-IP show my Region is Colorado buy my city as Aurora (30 miles away).\u00a0 Therefore, as they say, \u201cyour mileage may vary\u201d (YMMV<\/a>).<\/p>\n

IPv6 Geolocation Support<\/h2>\n

There are now many geolocation software packages and services that support IPv6 addresses.<\/p>\n

IP2Location.com<\/a>\u00a0published that they were\u00a0ready for the support of IPv6 back in 2012<\/a>.\u00a0 IP2Location.com offers IPv6-capable software components (.NET, Java, ISAPI Filter, ActiveX\/COM DLL, IP-Country with ISO3166).\u00a0 However, when I go to their site, it accurately shows my state and city (and my latitude and longitude are extremely accurate based on my IPv4 address).\u00a0 However, when I enter my IPv6 address it once again thinks I am in Mount Laurel, New Jersey.<\/p>\n

Digital Element<\/a>\u00a0is an IP geolocation provider that has IPv6 capabilities across a\u00a0wide variety of products and services<\/a>.\u00a0 In fact,\u00a0F5\u2019s load balancers<\/a>\u00a0use the Digital Element IP geolocation technology.<\/p>\n

TCPIPUtils.com<\/a>\u00a0is a popular geolocation system that supports IPv6.\u00a0 When I use this system with my IPv4 address, it shows my location as Denver, CO.\u00a0 However, when I used this utility with my IPv6 address it thought my address was located in Kansas with a latitude of 38 and longitude of -98, several hundred miles from my actual location.<\/p>\n

MaxMind GeoIP2<\/a>\u00a0and GeoLite\u00a0IPv6 Country and City database<\/a>\u00a0are popular solutions for\u00a0IPv6 location services<\/a>.\u00a0 When I enter my IPv6 address into this\u00a0demonstration site<\/a>, it accurately determines my city and state and the latitude and longitude is extremely accurate (the most accurate of those I tested).<\/p>\n

Google offers their\u00a0Geolocation API<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Geocoding API<\/a>\u00a0that can perform geolocation based on IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and\u00a0Google Maps<\/a>\u00a0has a wide variety of\u00a0application integrations<\/a>.\u00a0 Just like all IPv6 location systems, they have\u00a0had challenges<\/a>\u00a0and are\u00a0constantly making improvements<\/a>\u00a0to the accuracy of their systems.<\/p>\n

Depending on your programming language of choice, there may be geolocation functions built in or that can be added.\u00a0 Python has a \u201cgeolocation-python\u201d module that you can download off\u00a0pypi<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0github<\/a>.\u00a0 If you are using Go, there is a\u00a0Golang client for Google Maps<\/a>\u00a0geolocation as well as\u00a0freegeoip<\/a>\u00a0which is written in Go.\u00a0 Perl CPAN also offers the \u201cPerl Geo:IP<\/a>\u201d module.<\/p>\n

Content Delivery Networks<\/a>\u00a0(CDNs) also use end-user location to deliver the \u201cclosest\u201d cached content for faster download and improved end-user experience.\u00a0 We have talked about\u00a0how CDNs can help organizations IPv6-enable their public web applications<\/a>.\u00a0 Companies like Quora, Akamai, AWS CloudFront, CloudFlare, Fastly, and Limelight all have IPv6 CDN and location approximation services.\u00a0 CDNs like, AWS\u2019s CloudFront, can perform\u00a0georestrictions<\/a>\u00a0and whitelist or blacklist connections based on the client\u2019s approximate location.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s Next?<\/h2>\n

It appears that there is a disparity between the accuracy of IPv4 geolocation and IPv6 geolocation.\u00a0 Clearly, more work needs to be done in this area to make IPv6 geolocation as accurate as IPv4 geolocation.\u00a0 However, not all the work on improving IPv6 geolocation solely rests with the RIRs, the ISPs, or the geolocation software\/services companies. Addressing the disparity between IPv4 and IPv6 geolocation accuracy is a key step toward achieving IPV6 Readiness<\/a> on a global scale, enabling more precise location-based services.<\/p>\n

Thankfully we don\u2019t completely rely on IP addresses for geolocation.\u00a0 Many mobile apps use the GPS coordinates within the phone as well as Wi-Fi information and other information in combination with GPS data.\u00a0 You have probably seen those\u00a0mobile app permission pop-ups<\/a>\u00a0asking you to allow this flashlight\/calculator\/QR-code-reader\u00a0app to allow access to your location<\/a>\u00a0and you probably clicked \u201cOK\u201d.\u00a0 Personal privacy concerns aside, one of IPv6\u2019s inherent benefits is its restoration of the end-to-end model and thus no further need for NAT.\u00a0 Even though we should not rely on IP addresses as a factor of user authentication, IPv6 global addresses reduce Internet anonymity, provide greater assurance of what (if not who) you are connecting to, and may eventually lead to greater location accuracy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Determining where you are using IPv6 Human nature makes us curious to know where we are located within the World Wide Web.\u00a0 We are also curious about where within the global Internet the person we are communicating is connected.\u00a0 We could use this information to make security decisions to allow or block connections.\u00a0 When it […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":321,"featured_media":2255,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[56,38,31,15],"class_list":{"0":"post-2280","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-ipv6-coe","8":"tag-ipv4","9":"tag-ipv6","10":"tag-networking","11":"tag-security","12":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGeolocation with IPv6<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"One way that Internet geolocation can be used is through IPv6. 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